मगर भाषाको क, ख, ग, घ

People & cullture of Magar

Magars' Mongoloid physical type and their Sino-Tibetan Languages suggest they entered Nepal from the north, through Tibet or southern China. The Magarkura speakers occupy the lower, warmer, and more desirable agricultural area and are known to have been there since at least the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, so it is likely that they preceded the Khamkura speakers, who generally live in the higher, colder locations to the north.

Identification.

People calling themselves Magar are concentrated in the middle Himalayas of west-central Nepal The middle Himalayas are defined by the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges to the south and the southern slopes of the highest Himalaya to the north. Small Magar settlements and Individual farmsteads are also found elsewhere in Nepal, as well as in Sikkim and even in north India. This pattern of distribution in part reflects the excellence of Magar men as infantrymen. In the late eighteenth century Magars formed an important component in the armies raised by Prithivi Narayan Shah and his successors who created the modern nation of Nepal and for a time extended it well beyond its present borders both to the east and to the west. A number of families now living outside the area of Magar concentration occupy land given a forebear as a reward for his military service during these campaigns. Under the British Raj, when Magars served as mercenaries in the Gurkha Brigade, a few families settled Permanently in north India around the cantonment areas. Magars in need of land have also been moving south to the low malarial Terai of Nepal, since it has been made more habitable by a mosquito eradication program.Magars usually identify themselves as belonging through patrilineal inheritance to a named section or "tribe," which in the traditional Nepali system is also a caste. Some of these are Pun, Gharti, Rana, Thapa, Ale, Rokha(ya), Budha, Burathoki, and Jhankri. If a Magar man is asked to identify himself, he might say he is a Pun Magar.

Sections are subdivided into named subsections or clans. For example, one of the subsections of the Thapa section is the Sinjali clan. However, because some clans, such as the Ramjali, are widespread and found in more than one section, a person's identity might then be given as Ramjali Pun or Ramjali Gharti. Alternatively a Magar may choose to stress locality, saying "I am a Masali Gharti," with Masali referring to the specific small settlement in which he or she lives.

Location.

Magar concentration in the middle Himalayas is roughly bounded on east and west by the drainage of the Kali Gandaki River at approximately the latitude of Pokhara up to and including the Bnuri Gandaki. It also includes much of the area drained by the Bheri River and its tributaries, notably the Uttar Ganga, Sano Bheri, and Thulo Bheri.

Demography. In the census of 1952-1954, the first after the restoration of the present ruling Shah family, the number of those identifying themselves as Magar was 273,800, or 3 percent of the total population of Nepal. Later censuses were based on mother tongue, and the census of 1981 gave the Magar population as 212,681, an underestimate that ignored Magars whose mother tongue was Nepali. The total projected population for all of Nepal in 1991 is 19,370,300. If we take Magars as 3 percent of the population, we can estimate their population at 500,000.

Linguistic Affiliation.

As their mother tongue Magars may speak one of three languages: Nepali, Magarkura, or Khamkura. The latter two both belong to the Bodish section of Sino-Tibetan, and though closely related, they are mutually unintelligible. Nepali is the Sanskrit-based lingua franca and is the second language of almost all Magars.


Song and Dance Groups

Singing is important in Magar life, and many songs are associated with the fieldwork of particular seasons. Some are sung when millet is being planted; others accompany rice planting. The songs, with lines sung by men and women alternately, make this stooping, difficult work go more easily. Other occasions also have their characteristic songs: those sung by boys and girls as they walk Together, those sung by women ex-slaves during a marriage, and those sung by women during the days between Krishna's birthday and the following festival of Tij. There are also special songs for the day during Tivahar when offerings are made to Lakshmi, goddess of wealth, and songs for Brother-Worship Day.

Many times during the year, especially during festival seasons such as Dasain, boys and girls gather together in the evening at some centrally located sitting place. There are characteristic tunes, and the basic pattern is boy-girl question and answer. The boys' chosen song leader sings a question that all the boys then repeat three times. The subject matter seldom varies: all the questions and answers have to do with love, marriage, and a bantering sexual antagonism between boys and
girls. The singing can go on indefinitely.

Besides the secular singing groups that come together on an ad hoc basis, there are two formally constituted singing groups composed of Magars from several hamlets. One tells of episodes in the life of Lord Krishna, the other of episodes drawn from the Ramayana. Each has a leader who tells the story, backed by a chorus, drums, and costumed male dancers, some of whom may be dressed as women. The atmosphere is intensely religious, for Saraswati, goddess of learning and music, is patron of both groups and indicates her presence and approval by causing a member or members of a group to fall into a trance.

Learn Magar Language

nga = ma ( I )
naku = timi (you) formal
phokung=arkako (other unknown person's)
kanung =hamro ( our )
ngau = mero (my,mine)
kanukurik=hamiharu (we)
jako = ketaketi (childrens)
jakolag = ketaketiharulai (for childrens)
renja-arlam=yuba-yubati ( youngster)
lenja = yubak (boy)
masto = yubati ( lady)
bharmi = manchhe ( man)
lapha = sathi (friend)
sing = rukha (tree)
lung= dhunga (stone)
jha = mato (mud)
di = pani (water)
ima = ghar (house)
langhang = gaun (village)
gaki = piunu (drink)
jyaki =khanu ( eat)
bilkhi = luga-lagaunu (wear clothes)
hupki = chhopnu (cover)
ngoski = hernu (see, take care)
jatki = garnu ( do )
hurki = dhunu (wash)
rapki = runu (weep)
siki = marnu (die)
satki = marnu (kill)
rekki,retki = hasnu (laugh)
rikki = lekhnu (write)
paddiski,pardiski = padhnu (study, read)
usa = ausadhi (medicine)
mirapdi = ashu (tear)
mimik = ankha (eyes)
mihut = hat (hand)
mihil = khutta (leg)
misyak = danta (teeth)
miburni = otha ( lips)
melek = jibro ( toungue)
mituk = pet,aanga (stomatch)
bika = dukhnu (pain)
mitalu = tauko (head)
michham = kapal (hair)
badhin , bilmha= luga(clothes)
nguchathau = basne-thau (living placce)
nguni = basnuhos (sit down)
soni = uthnuhos (wake up)
misni = sutnuhos (sleep)
hwani = hidnuhos (walk)
kherni = dagurnuhos (run)
kalni = chadnuhos (ride , climb)
jhalni = jharnuhos (come down)
kurhuki = ladnu ( fall down)
geski = khelnu (play)
wharcha = janne (intelligent)
arlaki = bechnu (sell)
loki = kinnu (buy)
laki = linu (take)
buki, buni = boknu (carry)
jyat = bhat (cooked rice)
chho = dhan (rice)
namas = pani parnu (rain)
rani = aunu (come)
kani = launu (put)
dani = rakhnu (keep)
majakhata = ramrari (with care,safely)
kat = ek (one)
nis = dui (two )
som = tin (three)
buli = char (four)
banga = panch (five)
hanga = chha (six)
danga =sat (seven)
goli = aath (eight)
gatha = nau (nine)
thyak = dus (ten)
mija= chhora (son,daughter)
mai = ama (mother)
boi = buba (father)
dai = didi (older sister)
dajeko = dai (older borther)
niba = fufaju (father side aunt's husband)
nini =fufu (father's sister)
pakhi = siknu (learn)
pahakki = sikaunu (teach)
deki = bhannu (say)
lingki = gaunu (sing)
syaki = nachnu (dance)

misle=sutnu(sleep)
hwaki=hidnu(walk)
myakki=birsinu(forget)
bilkhi=lagaunu (wear clothes)
hupki=chhopnu(cover)
foki=kholnu(open)
thunki=bandagarnu(close)
tekdiki=teknu(use stick for walk)
secha or mojum or jyoscha =ramro, suhayeko( beautiful,suited)
mata or mahta=haraunu(lost)
namcha=ganhayeko(smell)
sikcha=dadheko(burned)
meh or me=aago(fire)
nghet= gai(cow)
thor=goru(ox)
raha=bakhra(goat)
gwa=kukhura(hen)

wakko = sungur (pig)
jhaang=bhui(floor)
guma=maiju(auntie from mother's side)
sidi = tel(oil)
khoryakki= kapal kornu(comb)
khangra = doko( bamboo basket)
armagcha= bajaune kura(instruments of music)
dungcha = pitnu(beat,hit )
satcha = marnu(kill)
khascha= banaunu (make)
lischa = garungo(heavy load)
khyancha = hakungo(light,lesswieght)
lochcha = lamo (long)
tuncha = chhoto (short)
mascho = naramro(bad)
secha = ramro(good, beautiful)
jescha = suhayeko(suited,fitted,goodlooking)
ngacha =bolnu(speak)
Mapa- miss
bapa- sir (teacher)
lafa- sathi (friend)
dajai- dai (brother)
bhaya- bhai (younger brother)
lengja- keta (boy)
mahaja- keti (girl)
hile lafa- k 6 sathi
lasso le- dhanybad 6


The Names of month in magar language!
baishak =dakshahak
jestha=ghorshahak
ashad=nasshahak
sharwan=makashahak
bhadra=ghaishahak
sahoj=marshahak
kartik=kawashahak
mangsir=rangshahak
poush=mungshahak
magh=ladshahak
falgun=khurshahak
chaitra=fapshahak


The names of weeks in magar language!
sunday-namyak
monday-gyayak
tuesday-dhachyak
wednesday-maryak
thursday-karangyak
friday-hochyak
saturday-jaryak/jhiryak.

Animals name in magar language:
chiu-dog
suthu-cat
ryha-goat
wak-pig
goa-hen
barda-ox
het-cow
rogotyk-frog
disya-fish
goaja-chicken
gharua-spider
du-insect
mapilap/miplap-btrfly
rangsila-bear
bhapsila-fox
kisya-dear
patlangit-earthworm
kharaha-rabbit
jimha-housefly
bul-snake
kirik-parrot
molo-eagle
ray-crab
bankar-monkey
ghos-bea


The parts of a body in magar language(magar dhut)
head-loo/miloo
eye-meek
hair-6am
tongue-let
lip-burdheen
fingure-6yang
hand-hoot
leg-heel
neck-doonga
stomach-took
nail-aarkeen
ear-kep
blood-hee
nose-minaha

The Number name in magar dhuto
kat=1
nis=2
som=3
buli=4
banga=5
to=6
tun=7
k=8
ku=9
chu=10
chukat=11
chunis=12
chusom=13
chubuli=14

some verbs in magar dhuto
jatka ja layaea=garnai thiyao
jatka ja la=garnai 6
jatmaliya=garyako yhiyao
jatmalae=garyako 6
jatmaleko=garnu vayako 6
jatnis =garnus
atjanis=garnu hunae 6
ajaatko=garnu hunae 6
jatmalekang=garnuhunthiyao

dhemcha= mathillo(up,above,upper one)
makcha= tallo (down,lower one)

jhorley=,namaste(greet)

Short Conversation

chho jya ki mo jya = khana khayo ki khako chhaina
nako kulak ale? = timi kaha chhau?
nako seycha ale=timi ramro chhau?
Kulak nuwara rahchha?=kaha gayera ako ?
Bazar nuwara raahachha= bazar gayera ako.

kutale halkhaber=kasto hunuhunchha?(how are you?)

kwancha le=kasto hunuhunchha?(how are you?)

su = ko =(who) hos bharmi suale=who is that man?

suo =kasko =(whose) ise kitab suoale=whose book is this?
kuse=kun = (which) naku kuse desung bharmiale=which is your nationality?
hee =ke =(what) hee decha=what you say!.
kujakna, kujkma = kasari ( how ) ise kujakna jatki=how to do this one?

last updated 07 Nov 2011 (Duman Thapa Magar)

Friday, March 18, 2010
मगरहरुबारे संक्षिप्त जानकारी

जनसंख्याको आधारमा नेपालको तेस्रो ठूलो श्रेणीमा पर्ने मगर समुदाय नेपाली आदिवासी जनजातिहरुको हकमा भने प्रथम श्रेणीमा पर्दछ । सन् २००१ को जनगणना अनुसार मगरहरुको जनसंख्या १,६२२,६४१ रहेको थियो जस अनुसार नेपालको कुल जनसंख्याको ७.१४५ हुनपुग्छ यद्यपी मगरहरुको जनसंख्या योभन्दा पनि बढी हुनुपर्ने नेपाल मगर संघको दाबी छ । अधिकांश मगरहरु बिशेष गरी पाल्पा, स्याङ्जा, तनहुँ, गुल्मी, प्युठान, रोल्पा, सल्यान तिर बसोबास गरेको पाईन्छ । यस बाहेक अर्घाखाँची, रुपन्देही, काठमाडौं, रामेछाप, म्याग्दी, बाग्लुङ्ग, पर्वत, डोल्पा, हुम्ला, सुर्खेत, धनकुटा, सिन्धुली, उदयपुर तिर पनि मगरहरुको बसोबास रहेको पाईन्छ । समग्रमा मगरहरु नेपालको हरेकजसो जिल्लामा धेर-थोर रुपमा छरिएर रहेका छन् । मगरहरुको पुख्र्यौली थलोलाई मगराँत भनिन्छ । नेपालको ईतिहाँस तर्फ नियाल्ने हो भने मगरहरुको पुर्ख्यौली भूमि बाह्र मगराँत र अठार मगराँत को तथ्य पनि पाउन सकिन्छ जसलाई हालमा आएर क्रमशः गण्डक क्षेत्र र कर्णाली क्षेत्र पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ ।

मगरहरुको आफ्नैभाषा छ जुन भोट-बर्मेली भाषा-परिवार अन्र्तगत पर्दछ । बिशेष गरी तीन थरीमा बर्गीकृत मगर ढुट, खाम र काईके भाषाहरु क्रमशः बाह्र मगराँत, अठार मगराँत र डोल्पातिरका मगरहरु अन्र्तगत चलनचल्तीमा रहेका छन् । त्यसैगरी आफ्नैबिशेष पहिरन, संस्कृति र परम्पराले पनि मगरहरुलाई बिशेष पहिचान दिलाएको छ । पुरुषहरुको बिशेष पहिरन भोटो-कछाडसागै निलो पटुकी र भाङ्ग्रा, शिरमा टोपी अनि महिलाहरुको बिशेष पहिरन मखमली चोली र घलेक, छिट्को गुन्यु, टिकिस, पहेंलो/निलो पटुकी, गलामा पहेंलो/हरियो पोते साथैमा कण्ठमाला/मुगामाला, शिरमा शिरफुल अनि चन्द्र, कानमा माडवारी, नाकमा बुलाकी, आदिमा सजिएर लेकबेसीको उकाली-ओरालीसागै तादात्म्य साईनो गाँस्नु पनि मगरहरुको बिशेषता हो । अभैं बिशेष अवसर पारेर बेलामौकामा नाचिने कौडा, घाटु, नचरी, सोरठी, झ्याउरे, रोदी, हुर्रा आदि लगायत सालैजो र यानीमाया भाकाले त झन् मगरहरुको छुट्टै पहिचान स्थापित गरिदिएको छ ।

अधिकांश मगरहरु गाई-भैंसी, भेडा-बाख्रा, सुागुर, कुखुरा आदि पाल्नुका साथै खेतीपाती पनि गर्ने गर्दछन् । गाउाघरतिर बिशेष गरी बुढापाकाहरुले डोको, मान्द्रो, स्यागु/घुम (घामपानीबाट ओत लाग्न बाँसको चोयाँ र ठूलो पातले बुनेर बनाईएको ओढ्ने बस्तु), आदि बनाउने गरेको पाईन्छ भने महिलाहरुले गुन्द्री, नाम्लो, चकटी, आदि बुन्ने गरेको पाईन्छ । खेतीपातीको बेला खेताला-परिमो तथा घरगोठ बनाउादा सघाऊ दिने चलन धेरै ठाउाहरुमा (बिशेषतः पाल्पा क्षेत्र) अभैंपनि व्याप्त रहेको पाईन्छ ।

बिहेवारीको सन्र्दभमा मगरहरुमा बिशेष गरी चेलीबेटीतर्फ (एकतर्फी) आफ्नो छोरीचेली दिने परम्परा रहेको छ । बिशेषतः साली (मामाकी छोरी) र भेनाको सम्बन्धलाई लिएर बिशेष चर्चा-परिचर्चा मगर समुदायमा ब्यापक सुन्नमा पाईन्छ तथापि अहिलेको नयाँ पिंढीमा भने यसको खासै महत्व दिईएको पाईदैन । मगर समुदायमा अर्को बिशेष महत्व भनेको बिहेवारी भएको महिलाहरुको हकमा पेवा (माईतीतर्फबाट पाएको छुट्टै निजी सम्पत्ति) रहेको हुन्छ जसमा केवल उसको मात्रै अधिकार रहेको हुन्छ ।

मगरहरु बिशेषतः प्रकृति पुजारी हुन् । अधिकांश मगरहरु हिन्दुकरण भएको पाईएता पनि यर्थाथता बौद्घ धर्मालम्वी भएको कुरा बिद्वान/बिशेषज्ञहरुको भनाई छ । मगरहरुमा खास गरेर भूमीपूजा गर्ने चलन रहेको छ जसको संरक्षण गर्नु परम् आवश्यकता देखिन्छ । मगरहरुमा मरणोपरान्त पनि अर्को जिवन भएको हुनुपर्छ भन्ने विश्वासले आफ्ना स्वर्गवासी पुर्वजहरुको लागि बिशेषत बाजी-बज्या पूजा गर्ने चलनचल्ती पनि रहेको पाईन्छ । बिभिन्न पुजाआजा गरिनेक्रममा भेजा परम्परा पनि प्रचलित छ जसले गर्दा आफ्नो समाजभित्रका सम्पूर्ण मगरहरु एकजुट भई समानरुपले आ-आफ्नो कार्यको बाँडफाँड गरी सामुहिक पुजाविधि सम्पन्न गर्ने गर्दछन् । आजको जस्तो आधुनिक अर्थात् बैज्ञानिक परिवेशमा पनि बिशेष गरेर लामा-धामी (झाँक्री) माथि ठूलो अन्धबिस्वास राख्नु मगरहरुको कमजोरी हो ।

मगरहरुमा बिशेषगरी लाहुरे (सैनिकमा भर्ती) हुने प्रवृति रहेको पाईएता पनि हालमा आएर अन्य पेशाहरु जस्तै अस्पताल, ईन्जिनियरिङ्ग, शैक्षिक, सुरक्षा, पत्रकारिता, कानुनी, बिकास निर्माण, राजनैतिक आदि जस्ता क्षेत्रहरुमा पनि संलग्न रहेको पाईन्छ । यसै शिलशिलामा मगरहरु संसारमा विभिन्न देशहरुमा छोटो वा लामो समयदेखि छरिएर रहका पनि छन् ।
नेपाली ईतिहाँसको पानाहरु पल्टाएर हेर्ने हो भने मगराँत अन्र्तगत धेरै रोचक अनि गौरवमय तथ्यहरु भेट्न सकिन्छ । मगरहरु यो देशका शासकवर्ग पनि हुन् । तर समयको कालखण्डसागै मगरहरुको अस्तित्व हाल आएर शोषितवर्गमा परिणत हुनु दुर्भाग्य हो भन्दा फरक नपर्ला । मगर ईतिहाँस गौरवशाली भएतापनि हाल आएर शैक्षिक, आर्थिक, राजनैतिक जस्ता बिकासका हरेक क्षेत्रमा पिछडिनु समस्त मगर समुदायको लागि दुःखलाग्दो बिषय बनेको छ ।